There’s no place like home: the hard truth about child sexual exploitation

School of Social Sciences

Parents and parental figures are highly represented in offender populations.

Addressing the over-representation of parental offenders in child sexual abuse is vital to primary prevention and survivor support, says A/Prof. Salter from UNSW’s School of Social Sciences.

In 2008 Austrian man Josef Fritzl was found to have confined and abused his daughter, Elisabeth, in a complex beneath his home for 24 years. The extreme nature of the case – its prolonged duration, Elisabeth’s multiple pregnancies and children, her mother’s ignorance – captured international media attention.

While such cases profoundly shape the public discourse on incest, the reality for most survivors is much more everyday, says UNSW’s Associate Professor Michael Salter. Isolation, control and emotional manipulation hold survivors hostage within the family home, he says.

“The socially legitimised authority granted to fathers [and parental figures] in the ‘private’ sphere creates a zone of impunity in which abuse of extraordinary and devastating proportions can take place without detection,” he says.

The Scientia Research Fellow is an expert in child sexual exploitation and gendered violence. He collaborates with international peak bodies and advises governments on primary prevention, policy and practice based on his survivor-focused research.

A crime of the status quo

Approximately 1.4 million Australian adults (7.7%) have experienced childhood sexual abuse, according to the . 35.6% of these were sexually abused by a family member, and 51.2% by an adult known to them outside their families, in their first instance of abuse.

Given the low rates of reporting, these are epidemic levels, A/Prof. Salter says.

“Child sexual abuse is a crime of the status quo,” he says. “Offenders get away with abuse because they are camouflaged within their legitimate roles – as parents, relatives, friends, clergy, teachers and so on – in the lives of children.”

An assault on our humanity

While we struggle to reconcile our notions of family with incest and child sexual exploitation, parents and parental figures are highly represented in offender populations, he says.

“[Incest] upends our assumptions about our fellow human beings. It is easier to disbelieve. But the sad fact is that exploitation begins at home for many kids.”

In a that draws on his research, 42% of adult survivors of child sexual abuse material identified their biological or adoptive/stepfather as the primary offender.

“More than two-thirds of such images appear to have been ,” A/Prof. Salter says. “We recently undertook a review of criminal prosecutions where parents made child sexual abuse material of their children. We found one in three cases had the mother as a contact offender.

“[As a society] we’re really resistant to considering this… but when you talk to survivors, they talk about their mums being involved.”

A case of wilful ignorance

The world-first study looked at 82 cases of child sexual abuse material (CSAM) perpetrated by parents and/or parental figures from 2009-2019.

The report found parental offenders were often highly premeditated in their abuse and exploitation of their children. It highlighted to inform prevention and early intervention, and improve support for survivors.

Unfortunately, governments are reluctant to intervene when it comes to parental offenders, he says. “It’s easier to characterise the threat to children as lying outside the family or online.”

Pandemic fallout

Parental abusers have had increased access to children during the pandemic, with both children and adults spending more time online, he says.

His , funded by the , surveyed international frontline and specialist law enforcement professionals.

It found major increases in child sexual exploitation material, online grooming, activity in online abuse communities, online risk taking by minors, and live streaming of abuse material during the pandemic.

Yet, despite increased reporting and investigations, working from home and other COVID-safety measures meant victim identification and support did not increase proportionately.

Parents and paedophile rings

Parents are also primary offenders for introducing their children into organised sexual abuse, such as paedophile rings, within the community and online, A/Prof. Salter says.

This has personal resonance for him. At 19, he shared a house with a childhood friend who was a survivor of organised sexual abuse.

“She struggled to eat. She had flashbacks… She would become very depressed – all of the common symptoms of severe trauma,” he says. “She was still being routinely abused by the men who’d abused her as a child.”

In his book , A/Prof Salter described the process of looking after his friend and trying to bring her abuse to an end, which included enduring threats and witnessing significant criminality.

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Organised abuse in suburbia

“This was around 2005-2006; the concept of a paedophile ring was pretty controversial,” he says. “Offenders were thought, in the media, academia and child psychology, to operate individually; they didn’t operate in groups.”

These kinds of subcultures of abuse and sadism are met with a lot of disbelief, but they are interwoven in suburban life, and substantiated by law enforcement investigations and charges, he says.

His efforts to help his friend revealed the absence of targeted support services, information and evidence available. It compelled him to undertake his PhD in organised sexual abuse.

“I’ve got a pretty childlike sense of injustice,” he says, “so when I think that things are unjust, I just feel a primal sense of outrage. And I think it probably was a trauma response, from my end… a need to try and make sense and make some meaning out of what happened.”

Driving the international dialogue

His thesis instigated an ongoing collaboration with peak international body, . They adopted his typologies of organised abuse within their reports. A/Prof. Salter has been a keynote speaker, contributed to training materials for forensic investigators and social workers, and to primary prevention materials for Canadian schools.

A lever for change

A/Prof. Salter also sits on the Board of Directors of the International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation, advocating for collaborative care for survivors and others suffering from complex trauma.

“Impact for me means change. It’s the opportunity to participate in change. And that’s by far the most exciting thing for me now, in my career, is feeling as though I’m a part of making change happen,” he says. “Contributing to knowledge is a big part of that.

“Conducting this kind of research forces people to act because it’s on the public record. It’s a lever for change. I can make policy and practice recommendations. I can present it to government. I can present it internationally.

“The outcomes of the research are for survivors – to help them get the integrated care they need – but fundamentally it’s for children, so they don’t have to become survivors,” he says.

Video: Creating impact by speaking uncomfortable truths

Scientia Associate Professor Michael Salter from the UNSW School of Social Sciences is an expert in complex trauma and child sexual exploitation. He collaborates with international peak bodies and advises governments on how survivor-focused research can be integrated into prevention, public policy and practice. Michael shares how researchers have a unique role in pushing for change and opening new opportunities for intervention and investigation.